PPAO #1 Assessment Details Anatomy & Physiology 2 Trimester 1, 2009 (v2 as of  11 / 11 / 09) Go to A&P 2 Tri1 Due Dates

• On this Personal Performance Assessment Opportunity (a.k.a., PPAO) you are responsible for the following topics:
  
• Introduction to the CNS: 
• READINGS:
  
• Use Class Notes:
• Neuro Unit 3: The Spine (all pages: 1- 54)
  
• Neuro Unit 4: The Spinal Cord (all pages: 1- 74)
• TOPICS:
  
• Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column regions and internal structures
• Protection and Support via Vertebral Column
• Vertical regions along Spine
• Vertebra Anatomy and Function
• Muscular Support
• Connections to Ribs and Pelvis
• Spinal Cord Anatomy
• Meninges
• CSF
• Cord Anatomy
• dark vs grey matter
  
• interneurons
• tracts
• funiculi
• deccusations
• inputs and outputs (See also PNS below.)
  
• lateral
• ascending
• descending
  
• Spinal reflexes:
  
• CNS components in class notes on the
  
• Withdrawal and
  
• Knee-Jerk reflexes.
  
• See PNS components below.
• NOTE: The rest of the CNS (cranial nerves and brain) will be covered in PPAO2.
• Peripheral Nervous System: 
• Spinal Nerves: 
• mixed structure
• dorsal and ventral roots (rootlets) as they connect to the spinal cord and spinal nerves
  
• ganglia
• regions along vertebral column (e.g., cervical, thoracic, etc.)
  
• cauda equina
  
• Spinal reflexes:
  
• PNS components in class notes on the
  
• Withdrawal and
  
• Knee-Jerk Reflexes
• See CNS components above.
• Somatic and Autonomic NS: 
• Somatic NS: motor neurons using ACh as neurotransmitter
  
• SANS & PANS organization in general
• SANS/PANS/SomNS output areas along spinal cord
  
• Flight or Fight and Rest and Digest responses
• neurotransmitters (NE and ACh) and epinephrine (EPI)
• Cranial Nerves: (Will be covered in  PPAO2.)
• Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury
  


• This exam is the only exam during Trimester 1 and it will count for 40% of your Trimester 1 grade.
  

• The exam will be given in two parts on separate days. Check the Due Dates website for specific dates.
• The format of PPAO 1A will be a combination of ten multiple choice questions, four short answer questions, and one extra credit short essay. 
  
• TEN multiple choice questions: These questions consist of four statements that you should evaluate if they are correct or not.  More the one statement may be correct or none of the statements may be correct.  To accomodate those possibilities, three additional choices are given as demonstrated below.  Partial credit is given on these questions.  The topics of these questions come from all material that you are responsible for on this exam as listed above. You should leave 15 minutes to answer these questions during the exam.  These questions count for 30 points of the 100 point exam.
• 
  
• Sample Multiple Choice Question: (Answer b) is the correct answer.)
• Circle the letter of the best answer.

The sacrum
a)	is also known as the bone that you sit on when sitting with good posture.
b)	is constructed from 5 fused vertebrae and functions to provide entrance/exit points for the sacral spinal nerves.
c)	connects to the pelvis via joints between each ischium bones.
d)	if crushed in an accident would render the owner paralyzed from the arms down!
e)	None of the above are true.
f)	b, c & d
g)	c & d

• FOUR short answer questions: The topics of these questions come from all material that you are responsible for on this exam as listed above.  No more than three or four sentences will be necessary to adequately answer these questions. These mini-essays will count for 20 points of the 100 point exam.
• The format of PPAO 1B will be a combination of two labeled diagrams and one essay question taken from the list of four candidates shown below.
• TWO labeled diagrams: The topics of these questions come from all material that you are responsible for on this exam as listed above. You will be expected to correctly identify structures on these diagrams which will  be taken either from your textbook or classroom activities. These diagrams will count for 10 points each of the 100 point exam.
• ONE Essay:  On the day of the exam, your exam will list one of the following essay questions. During the  weeks before the exam, you should prepare your essay answer to each question and memorize it before the day of the exam.  You will NOT be allowed ANY notes during the exam. You should plan your answer to each essay so that you can write it within 20 minutes.  The essay will count for 30 points of the 100 point exam.  Candidates are:

1. What is the Withdrawal Reflex?  Explain how the PNS and CNS are involved in its action.
   
2. What is the structure of a typical Thoracic Vertebra?  Explain how all the parts interact with the rest of the body.
   
3. How is the spinal cord organized vertically and in cross section?
   

The PPAO has a value of 40% of your Trimester 1 grade. Check the Due Dates website for exam dates. There will be no retakes.  Your grade on this exam is final.