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What is A&P II? Anatomy and Physiology II is an elective available to AMST seniors only. It is a continuation of the study of the human body that was started in Anatomy and Physiology 1 taken during the 11th grade as a required AMST focus course. We realize that some students have other priorities during their senior year and we believe that all seniors have the right to design their schedule with regard to any course that is not mandated by the state of New Jersey. This statement assumes that each student has satisfied their graduation requirements for AMST. A&PII is offered with two sections rather than the three sections associated with A&P I because some students will decide to chose a different course. Some students choose AP Psychology, AP Biology, AP Physics or AP Chemistry as either an alternate or in addition to A&P II. Some students are involved with the International Baccalaureat program and will not have time for A&P II and other electives. The bottom line is that the expectation is that any student in A&P II is highly motivated to learn about the fascinating topics presented in this course. Overview During trimester 3, we continue our exploration of specific the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as we turn to the mechanical side of the circulation. Our focus is on the driving force that moves blood through the body from metabolically active tissues to the lungs and back. The flow of blood is known as the cardiac output (C.O.). It is created by a pressure difference known as a pressure drop (P1-P2) and is opposed by frictional interactions between components of the blood with themselves, other components and the walls of the blood vessels. The generator of the pressure in the blood is the heart. This unit involves a thorough examination of cardiac anatomy and function including associated blood vessels, chambers, walls and electrical system. Finally, we will conclude our journey of the respiratory / circulatory systems by learning how we breathe. |
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Upon the successful completion of the study of trimester 3 of A&P II the student will be able to accomplish the following goals: CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I. Describe how blood vessels are constructed and used. a. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. b. Identify the body's major arteries and veins and name the body region supplied by each. c. Discuss the unique features of special circulations of the body: arterial circulation of the brain, hepatic portal circulation, and fetal circulation. d. Define blood pressure and pulse and name several pulse points. e. List factors affecting and/or determining blood pressure. f. Define hypertension and atherosclerosis and describe possible health consequences of these conditions. g. Describe the exchanges that occur across capillary walls. II. Explain how the heart is constructed and how it is used a. Describe the location of the heart in the body and identify its major anatomical areas on an appropriate model or diagram. b. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. c. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits. d. Name the functional blood supply of the heart. e. Define systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac cycle. f. Explain the operation of the heart valves. g. Define heart sounds and murmur. h. Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses through this system. i. Explain what information can be gained from an electrocardiogram. j. Describe the effect of the following on heart rate: i. stimulation by the vagus nerve, ii. exercise, iii. epinephrine, and iv. various ions. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I. Describe the structure of the respiratory system a. Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs (or identify them on a diagram or model) and describe the function of each. b. Describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system. c. Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings. II. Define: a. cellular respiration, b. external respiration, c. internal respiration, d. pulmonary ventilation, e. expiration, and f. inspiration. III. Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs (breathing). IV. Define the following respiratory volumes: a. tidal volume, b. vital capacity, c. expiratory reserve volume, d. inspiratory reserve volume, and e. residual volume V. Describe several nonrespiratory air movements and explain how they modify or differ from normal respiratory air movements. VI. Describe the process of gas exchanges in the lungs and tissues. VII. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. VIII. Name the brain areas involved in control of respiration. IX. Name several physical factors that influence respiratory rate. X. Explain the relative importance of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in modifying the rate and depth of breathing. XI. Explain why it is not possible to stop breathing voluntarily. XII. Define a. apnea, b. dyspnea, c. hyperventilation, d. hypoventilation, and e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
During the study of the Circulatory and Respiratory Systems, students will be given the opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of concepts by:
* What is a PPAO? Personal Performance Assessment Opportunity :-)
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